Autophagy is a vital cellular process whereby cells degrade their own damaged or redundant components—such as proteins and organelles—under stress conditions (e.g., nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, infection) to maintain homeostasis. This mechanism not only...

At a time of global warming and increasing human mobility, some infectious diseases that were once confined to specific regions are gradually breaking through the geographical limitations, posing new challenges to public health security. Chikungunya fever...

In the sophisticated network of the human immune system, cytokines play a crucial role as “messengers”. When viruses, bacteria and other pathogens invade, the immune system will quickly activate the defense mechanism, release cytokines to summon immune ce...

Osteocalcin(OCN), aka Bone Gla Protein(BGP), is a non-collagenous acidic glycoprotein composed of 49 amino acids that is synthesized mainly by osteoblasts and odontoblasts, and is one of the most abundant non-collagenous proteins in bone. The “Gla” in its...

Erythropoietin, EPO is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidneys and is the “commander-in-chief” of red blood cell production in the body. Its core task is to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, which...

Autoimmune Diseases are a group of diseases caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking its tissues, including Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease....

Ferroptosis, this unique form of apoptosis has become a hot topic in biology and medical research since Prof. Stockwell at Columbia University named it in 2012. As an iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation-induced apoptosis program, ferroptosis plays a...

Apolipoprotein is the protein part of lipoprotein. The primary function of apolipoproteins is to serve as structural components of lipoproteins and to transport lipids through the blood and lymph. Synthesis of apolipoproteins occurs in the intestine and l...

Cellular signaling is the process by which cells perceive stimuli from information molecules through the cell membrane or intracellular receptors, which are converted by intracellular signaling systems, thereby affecting the biological functions of the ce...

Complement is a serum protein found in human and vertebrate serum and tissue fluids that is not heat-resistant and enzymatically active upon activation, including more than 30 soluble and membrane-bound proteins, also known as the Complement System, media...

Cortisol is one of the stress hormones in our body.
In everyday life, when we are affected by emotions such as fear, anxiety, or stress, cortisol rises rapidly...

Adiponectin (ADPN) is a cytokine secreted mainly by adipose tissue, which has various biological functions including regulation of glucolipid metabolism, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammation, and anti-atherosclerosis....

The thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland, the "little butterfly of the human body", is often referred to as the "fire of life" of the human engine. How...

Nowadays, numerous cytokines show properties that either promote tumor cells to suppress the immune system or promote the immune system to suppress tumor cells. Today, we would like to introduce you to a cytokine that does both - transforming growth facto...

Superoxide Dismutase(SOD), is an active substance originating from the living body, which is regarded as the most magical enzyme in life science and technology, and the garbage scavenger of the human body....

Estrogens are a class of sex hormones. There are 3 main endogenous estrogens with estrogenic activity: Estrone (E1), Estradiol (E2), and Estriol (E3). Estradiol(E2) is the most potent and prevalent type of estrogen. Estrone (E4) is produced only during pr...

Estradiol (E2), is also known as "estrogen" and "courtship hormone". Estradiol is a steroid hormone and a natural estrogen, mainly from the follicle, corpus luteum, and placenta of the female ovary, and to a lesser extent from the adrenal glands and t...

LPSs are one of the components of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and play an important role in protecting the bacteria from stress, the body's ability to generate an immune response, and other processes. LPSs have been better understoo...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrixins, are so named because they require metal ions such as Ca and Zn as cofactors....

MPO is an important iron-containing lysosome, which exists in the aniline blue granules of myeloid cells (mainly neutrophils and monocytes) and is a specific marker of myeloid cells. With the deepening of the study of MPO, it has been found that MPO gene...