Immunity is a physiological function in which the body recognizes self and non-self antigens, develops natural immune tolerance to self-antigens and rejects non-self antigens. Under normal circumstances, this physiological function is beneficial to the organism and can produce anti-infection, anti-tumor, and other immune protection to maintain the physiological balance and stability of the organism. Under certain conditions, when the immune function is dysfunctional, it can also produce harmful reactions and results for the organism, such as triggering hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, and tumors.

Metabolism is the general term for the life-sustaining chemical reactions of organisms that enable them to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to the environment. Metabolism is the process of conversion of substances and energy in the organism or between the organism and the external environment. Once the exchange ceases, the life of the organism ends. The study of metabolism can enhance understanding of health and disease, even including precise treatment pathways.

Neurobiology is the scientific study of the nervous system that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, mathematical modeling, and psychology to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural circuits. Neuroscience research is expanding from molecular and cellular studies of individual neurons to brain imaging of sensory, motor and cognitive tasks. Diseases caused by damage to the nervous system include stroke, neonatal brain damage, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and diabetic nerve damage. Therefore, further research in neuroscience is important for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, the extension of life expectancy and the promotion of scientific and technological progress.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), also known as diseases of the heart and circulatory system, is an umbrella term for diseases that affect the heart or blood circulation. These diseases, which include hypertension, stroke, and vascular dementia, are characterized by high prevalence, disability, and mortality, and are the leading cause of death worldwide, posing a significant threat to human health and quality of life. Cardiovascular research contributes to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CVD, improving patients' quality of life, extending life expectancy and reducing healthcare costs.

Epigenetics is the study of gene expression regulation in organisms. Focuses on heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNAs, etc.) without changes to the genetic sequence. These changes can affect an individual's development, health, and disease state. Therefore, the study of epigenetics can help to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of various diseases, provide new ideas and methods for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment; provide new targets and ideas for drug development, as well as provide the basis for personalized medicine, thus making drug therapy more precise and effective.

Cell is the basic unit of life and the component of all living organisms. Cell biology covers the physiological properties, metabolic processes, signaling pathways, life cycles, chemical composition of cells, and the interactions between cells and their surrounding environment. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms of cellular life activities can help develop new ways of thinking and practicing in the detection and treatment of diseases, innovation in bioengineering, and improvement in the field of agriculture.

Microbiology is the science of microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa). It covers their structure, growth, metabolism, genetics, evolution, classification, ecology, and interactions with humans, plants and animals, and the environment. The study of microbiology contributes to a deeper understanding of the biology of microorganisms and has a positive impact on human health, environmental protection, agricultural production, and industrial development.

During the production and processing of food or agricultural products, safety problems may arise from the use of chemical substances such as pesticides, fertilizers and hormones, or from contamination and deterioration. These residues are potentially harmful to the health of the organism, which seriously affects the quality of products and jeopardizes people's health and quality of life. Research on food safety and drug residues can promote the development of agricultural production, food processing, breeding efficiency and other aspects. In the process of drug development, pharmacokinetic studies are on an equal footing with pharmacodynamic and toxicological studies, and have become an important part of preclinical drug-related studies. Futher understanding of the role and mechanism of drug metabolism can help to understand the process of activation, deactivation, detoxification and toxicity of drugs in the body from qualitative, quantitative and kinetic aspects, and guide the research and development of new drugs.